Other Sources
If your lecturer has given permission for use of AI tools for a specific purpose, reference the AI tool.
State the developer of the AI tool as the author, then year of the version in brackets. The title of the LLM is in italics followed by the version number in brackets. The source type is in square brackets, followed by the URL of the AI tool.
In-Text Citation Format:
OpenAI (2023) explained... or ...(OpenAI, 2023).
Reference List Format:
OpenAI. (2026). ChatGPT (Feb 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat
Annual reports are referenced as a book. The publisher is usually the same as the author, in which case the publisher is omitted.
In-Text Citation Format:
According to Air New Zealand (2025)… or ...(Air New Zealand, 2025).
Reference List Format:
Air New Zealand (2025). Annual Report 2025. https://pairnz.com/cms/assets/PDFs/airnz-2025-annualreport.pdf
Include the author (person or organization), year of publication, title of the app (italicized) with version number in parentheses, format in brackets [Mobile app], and the app store or URL. If the author and publisher are the same, omit the publisher.
In-Text Citation Format:
As per Athenahealth (2019)… or ...(Athenahealth, 2019).
Reference List Format:
Athenahealth (2019). Epocrates (Version 19.10.1) [Mobile app].
If the brochure is a print rather than online version, there will not be a URL.
Also, if publisher and author are the same, omit the publisher. Identify the source type in square brackets.
In-Text Citation Format:
Plunket (n.d.) explains… or …(Plunket, n.d.).
Reference List Format:
Plunket. (n.d.). Plunket community hub. [Brochure].
https://www.plunket.org.nz/assets/PDFs/Plunket-Napier-
Community-Hub.pdf
[Paper presentation] is required after the title. The full day/s of the conference is also required.
In-Text Citation Format:
Wadsworth (2016) reviewed increase in e-learning …
or
From 2010 to 2015, e-learning was incorporated into more curricula… (Wadsworth, 2016).
Reference List Format:
Wentworth, D. (2012, November 2-3). E-learning at a glance
[Paper presentation]. 5th Annual Distance Education Conference,
Wellington, New Zealand. https//….
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It is optional, but sometimes helpful, to describe the type of material in square brackets after the title.
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If the publisher is the same as the author, omit the publisher from the source element.
In-Text Citation Format:
According to Chiswell & Grant (2019)... or ...(Chiswell & Grant, 2019).
Reference List Format:
Chiswell, S. & Grant, B. (2019). New Zealand coastal sea surface
temperature (Report No. CR388). Ministry for the Environment.
https://environment.govt.nz/publications/new-zeal and-coastal-
sea-surface-temperature/
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Works that cannot be obtained by readers are cited as a personal communication. These include emails, text messages, online chats or direct messages, personal interviews, telephone conversations, unrecorded classroom lecturers etc. These are NOT RECORDED in your reference list, only in the in-text citation.
In-Text Citation Format:
Sandra Robinson (personal communication, March 2, 2020) reiterated that work environments….
or
The health of a work environment can ….(S. R. Robinson, personal communication, March 2, 2020).
[Powerpoint slides] is required after the title. If the readers are able to access to the resource, provide the name of the site and its URL.
If the slides are not available to be accessed by your reader, you may treat them as personal communication cited in text.
In-Text Citation Format:
Vanderbauwhede (2020) asserts... or ...(Vanderbauwhede, 2020).
Reference List Format:
Vanderbauwhede, W. (2020). A few thoughts on work-life
balance [Power Point slides]. SlideShare.
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It is optional, but sometimes helpful, to describe the type of material in square brackets after the title
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If the publisher is the same as the author, omit the publisher from the source element
In-Text Citation Format:
BusinessNZ (2019) states that... or ...(BusinessNZ, 2019).
Reference List Format:
BusinessNZ. (2019, October 9). New Zealand 19th most
competitive [Press release]. https://bit.ly/2OedFXA
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Only material you have actually read should appear in your reference list.
For example, you read a book by Ardern in which Kirk is quoted and you want to use that information. If you cannot find the original source by Kirk, you need to acknowledge Kirk as the original source, followed by Ardern as the secondary source. Use the phrase ‘as cited in’ to show that one source has been cited in another.
In-Text Citation Format:
Kirk (1980, as cited in Ardern, 2018) found significant differences between women’s voting trends in regional New Zealand in the 1960s.
or
However, results from another study suggested that significant differences … (Kirk, 1980, as cited in Ardern, 2018, p. 156).
Reference List Format:
Ardern, N. (2018). Women and parochial politics. Oxford University Press.
Note: In your reference list, only the source you have read (Ardern) is listed (not Kirk). Include the year of publication of the original work (if known) in the in-text citation. You can choose to include the page or paragraph number to indicate to the reader where the information can be found in the text.
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