Audio-Visual Material
Audiobooks are cited by listing the author, date of the audio recording, title in italics (with "[Audiobook]" in brackets), narrator (optional), publisher, and URL, with direct quotes requiring a timestamp instead of a page number.
If the audiobook version differs in publication year from the original text, include the original year at the end.
In-Text Citation Format:
Cain (2012) commented on.. or ...(Cain, 2012).
Reference List Format:
Cain, S. (2012). Quiet: The power of introverts in a world that can't stop
talking (K. Mazur, Narr.) [Audiobook]. Random House Audio.
The director should be credited as the author of the film. The format may be included in square parentheses
E.g. [Film; special features].
The wording can be adjusted to include commentary, limited-release, educational video etc.
In-Text Citation Format:
Waititi (2016) includes themes… or ...(Waititi, 2016).
Reference LIst Format:
Waititi, T. (2016). Hunt for the wilderpeople [Film]. Piki Films.
-
Use the name associated with the account as the name in the reference.
-
LinkedIn does not provide exact dates for posts; rather, it tells users how long ago the post was made. Use the date information provided on the post to infer as specific a date as possible for the reference.
-
Provide the first 20 words of the post as the title. Count a URL or other link, a hashtag, or an emoji as one word each, and include them in the reference if they fall within the first 20 words. Do not italicize emojis.
-
If a post includes images, videos, thumbnail links to outside sources, or content from another post (such as when sharing a link), indicate that in square brackets after the title.
-
Describe the post type (e.g., “[Post],” “[Video]”) in square brackets after any description of attached content.
-
Credit LinkedIn as the site name in the source element and then provide the URL of the post.
In-Text Citation Format:
Goodwin (2019)... or ....(Goodwin, 2019).
Reference List Format:
Goodwin, J. (2019, September). The best part of attending the
American Psychological Association's 2019 Convention in
Chicago this year was having the opportunity to [Image attached]
[Post]. LinkedIn.
https://www.linkedin.com/posts/jongoodwin3_apa2019-activity-
6569581103441682432-CN98
-
Provide the span of years in which the podcast aired (e.g., 2018 - present).
In-Text Citation Format:
Hickey et al. (2018-present) take a humorous look at…
or
Two Cents Worth presents a very funny view of… (Hickey, Mandow, & Beckford, 2018- present).
Reference List Format:
Hickey, B., Mandow, N., & Beckford, G. (Hosts). (2018-present). Two
cents worth [Podcast]. Radio New Zealand.
Include names of executive producers, writers, directors, and executive directors if available.
In-Text Citation Format:
In The Casketeers, Lee-Harris and Leonard (2018–2023) depict… or …(Lee-Harris & Leonard, 2018– 2023).
Reference List Format:
Lee-Harris, A. (Producer & Writer), & Leonard, S. (Director). (2018–
2023). The casketeers [TV series]. Great Southern Pictures.
Include names of executive producers, writers, directors, and executive directors if available.
In-Text Citation Format:
Miller (2019) tells… or ...(Miller, 2019).
Reference List Format:
Miller, B. (Writer). (2019, July 10). Unfit (Season 3, Episode 8) [TV
series episode]. In B. Miller, W. Littlefield, R. Morano, D. Wilson, F,
Sears, I. Chaiken, E. Moss, M. Barker, E. Tuchman, S. l. Hockin, H.
Weber, & F. Siracusa (Executive Producers), The handmaid’s tale.
Daniel Wilson Productions; The Littlefield Company; White Oak
Pictures; MGM Television.
Give the name of the artist as they are known.
In-Text Citation Format:
Lord Kitchener’s (2015) lyrics… or …(Lord Kitchener, 2015).
Reference List Format:
Lord Kitchener. (2015). The man in the street [Song]. On Kitchener
goes soca . Radiophone Archives.
Include the date information provided in the article. Add page numbers and URL if available.
Use the name of the speaker as the author.
In-Text Citation Format:
Aral (2018) reiterates that misinformation in the 21st century is… or One way of protecting the truth is to… (Aral, 2018).
Reference List Format:
Aral, S. (2018, November). How we can protect truth in the age of misinformation [Video].
lllllllllTedConferences..https://www.ted.com/talks/sinan_aral_how_we_can_protect_truth_i
n_the_age_of_misiinformation
Use the owner of the YouTube account as the author. You can include the person presenting the TED talk in the title.
In-Text Citation Format:
In this TED (2019) video, the point is clearly made that misinformation in the 21st century is...
or
One way of protecting the truth is to... (TED,2019)
Reference List Format:
TED. (2019, December). Mike Cannon-Brookes: How you can use
impostor syndrome to your benefit [Video]. YouTube.
-
Only the year is included in the in-text citation.
-
Use the name of the person or organisation who uploaded the video in the author position.
In-Text Citation Format:
Careersnz (2023) demonstrates… or …(Careersnz, 2023).
Reference List Format:
Careersnz. (2023, October 9). Drainlayer [Video]. YouTube.
-
-
Recorded webinars are often available on YouTube. Reference as you would a YouTube video and credit the presenter within the title of the reference, followed by a colon.
-
If a webinar is from an organisation’s website, reference as a web page and place the word “Webinar” in square brackets after the title.
In-Text Citation Format:
Bristol (n.d.) indicates… or …(Bristol, n.d.).
Reference List Format:
Bristol, T. (n.d.). Save time studying: Nursing students note taking goes
mobile [Webinar]. Skyscape. https://bit.ly/354rhYz
-
.jpg)