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Open Books Arrangement

Other APA Style Guidelines

  • Use numerals for the following:

    • numbers 10 and above (unless it starts a sentence);

    • statistical numbers (e.g., 2.1);

    • times (e.g., 1 hr 58 min);

    • ages (e.g., 3 years old); dates (e.g., May 7)

    • exact sums of money (e.g., $15)

    • numbers used as numerals (e.g., when used in a chart)

    • books (e.g., Chapter 3)

    • percentages (e.g.,13%) unless it starts a sentence

    • numbers that come before a unit of measurement (e.g., 28 cm)

     

    Use words (one, two, three etc.) for the following:

    • Numbers zero through nine (e.g., eight people)

    • Numbers starting a sentence, title or heading (e.g., Nineteen people attended …)

     

    Use commas when writing long numbers which are 1,000 or more (e.g., 6,000).

  • Use the percentage symbol and currency symbols only when they are accompanied by a numeral or in table and figure headings to conserve space. Use the word “percentage” or the name of the currency when a number is not given. Repeat the symbol for a range of percentages or quantities of currency.

    Example:

    • 18%-20%; $30-$60

    • in Australian dollars; in U.S. dollars

    • the percentage of goods contributing to…

    • $10, €10, £9.95, ¥100- ¥500

  • 1. Italicising words from Languages other than English

    Italicise (only for the first occurrence) a word, phrase or abbreviation from another language when readers may be unfamiliar with it. Do not italicise it if it can be found in the English dictionary.

    Example:

     

    o-bento is italicised but “rendezvous” is not

    Also do not italicise if the term is a proper noun.

    Example:

     

    Médecins Sans Frontières - Doctors Without Borders

    When a foreign word is used, its English translation should be provided by either using inverted commas “xxx” or square brackets [ ] .

    Example:

     

    The Japanese o-bento, or “boxed meal”, can be taken anywhere (Shimizu, 2014).

     

    The Japanese o-bento [boxed meal] can be taken anywhere (Shimizu, 2014).

    2. Italicising the title of a work in your text

    Italicise the titles of the following types of work if you refer to them in the text of your assignment.

     

    In addition, use title case; that is, use capital letters for the first word of the title, proper nouns and all other major words (four letters or more); do not use capitals for minor words (e.g., prepositions, articles).

    Example:


    Whole books, reports, grey literature, theses

    • In her book The Best and the Brightest, Mai Son (2013) explores the factors that ...

    • The World Development Report 2019: The Changing Nature of Work (World Bank, 2019) focuses on the global impact of technology on work and jobs.

     

    Periodicals

    The TESOL journal The Modern Language Journal….

     

    Films

    The New Zealand movie Boy...

     

    Webpages and websites

    The website Verywellmind

     

    Videos and TV shows

    The current affairs programme, 60 Minutes...

    Note: For journal articles or edited book chapters, use double quotations as these are parts of larger works.

    Example:

     

    In the article “The Importance of Media Portrayals and Person Perception,” Parker (2018) argues that the media play a pivotal role in…

    Also, use italics when introducing a key term or phrase and for anchors of a scale, but not the number. 

    Example:

     

    • Mindfulness is defined as….

    • ... the student group in the research was labelled Domestic

    • ranged from 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent)

  • Use double quotation marks to refer to a letter, word, phrase, or sentence as a linguistic example, or as itself.

    Example: 

    • the letter “m”

    • the singular form of “they”

    • answer “yes” or “no”

    • participants have to choose between the choices “agree”, “disagree”, and “other”

    • students must include “I have adhered to ethical considerations” at the top of the page

    Use double quotation marks to introduce a word or phrase used as an ironic comment, as slang, or as an expression.

    Example: 

    • considered “normal behaviour.” (first occurrence)

    • therefore, normal behaviour has come to mean … (subsequent occurrence)

    Note: Place commas and full stops inside closing quotation marks. Place other punctuation marks (e.g., colons, semicolons) outside closed quotation marks.

  • Capitalise a job title or position when the title precedes a name.

    Example: 

    • Prime Minister Ardern was elected in 2017.

    • Executive Director of Marketing, Carolina Espinoza, led the meeting.

    Do not capitalise a job title or position when the title follows the name or refers to a position in general.

    Example: 

    • Donald Trump was the president of the United States.

    • John Bolt, the company’s chief engineer, led the meeting.

    • Dr. William S. Speare, a professor of English, conducted extensive research on the Globe Theatre.

  • You can use an abbreviation for a word or phrase if you are going to use it at least three times in your assignment; otherwise, spell out the word/phrase completely each time you use it. However, you can use, from its first occurrence, the standard abbreviation of a long, familiar term (e.g., UNESCO) or an abbreviation that is listed as a term in the dictionary (e.g., IQ, AIDS).

    Example:

    When the full version of a term first occurs in a sentence, place the abbreviation in parentheses after it.

    attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mental health disorder… - the United Nations (UN) reported that …

     

    When the full version of a term first occurs in parentheses, place the abbreviation in square brackets after it

    causing disruptive behavior (e.g., attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD])

     

    If a citation accompanies an abbreviation, include the citation after the abbreviation, separated with a semicolon

    Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs; UN, 2010) - (Sustainable Development Goals [SDGs]; UN, 2010)

  • Use round brackets or parentheses ( ) for: ​

    Example:


    References and citation

    ​(APA, 2020, p. 159)

     

    Introduction of abbreviation

    Ministry of Health (MOH)

     

    Parenthetical phrases which clarify information within a sentence or set off an independent element

    (see Appendix A)

     

    A list within a sentence

    (a) Name, (b) Age, (c) Gender

     

    Mathematical expressions and statistical values

    (x = 0.50)

    Use square brackets [ ] for:

    • Clarification of reference information within the reference list 

    • Non-quoted words within a quote 

    • Phrases or words within a phase which are already encased in round brackets 

    • Display of limit

    • If the format, medium or description is important for a resource to be retrieved or identified, include it in square parentheses immediately after the title.

    [Poster presentation]

    [PowerPoint presentation]

    [PowerPoint slides]

    [Press release]

    [Song]

    [Speech audio recording]

    [Status update]

    [TV series episode]

    [Tweet]

    [Unpublished manuscript]

    [Video]

    [Webinar]

    [Audio podcast]

    [Audiobook]

    [Blog comment]

    [Brochure]

    [Clip art]

    [Conference session]

    [Data set]

    [Demographic map]

    [Facebook page]

    [Film]

    [Film: educational DVD]

    [Infographic]

    [Interview]

    [Manuscript in preparation]

    [Manuscript submitted for

    publication]

    [Map]

    [Mobile app]

    [Online forum comment]

    [Online forum post]

    [Painting]

    [Paper presentation]

    [Photograph]

    [Podcast]

    [Policy brief]

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